Shipping Freight Rates for Developing Countries. Who Ultimately Pays?

Shipping Freight Rates for Developing Countries. Who Ultimately Pays?

The author refutes the common belief that developing countries bear the burden of freight rates on both imports and exports. He concludes that a reduction in export rates would actually harm them, as it would lead to an increase in freight charged to importers, who cannot pass it on.

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Eliminating Railway Deficits. The Effects for Australia

Problems associated with subsidising Australian non-urban rail services are revisited by evaluating the macro-economic impacts of a policy that would eliminate railway deficits. The model used demonstrates how several policy scenarios for the abolition of railway subsidies can be explored by simulating shocks to the economy. The results illustrate the range of economic benefits that could accrue from the abolition of subsidies and identifies interests most likely to benefit or lose from such a policy.

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